What Affects the Battery Life of A UPS Product?

A battery is a critical component of a UPS product because it provides backup power to connected devices during a power outage or other electrical disturbance.

When mains power fails or drops below a certain threshold, the UPS switches to battery power almost immediately, ensuring that connected equipment remains powered and protected from power-related problems such as voltage fluctuations, surges, spikes, or blackouts. The battery acts as a reliable and consistent source of energy, allowing the UPS to provide uninterrupted power to the connected equipment, preventing data loss or damage to critical systems.

Battery failure is the leading factor behind the majority of UPS downtime, however comprehensive maintenance can reduce this risk whilst extending the overall service life of the blocks.

Factors That Affect UPS Battery Life

A battery is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Several factors can affect the battery life of a UPS product, including:

1. Temperature

The rated capacity of a UPS battery is typically based upon an ambient temperature of 20°C. Any variation, especially increased temperature, can heavily influence performance and UPS battery life. As a rule, for every 10°C increase in temperature it is generally accepted that battery service life will reduce by 50%. Regular routine preventative maintenance checks can help detect potential heat related problems and environmental issues.

2. Storage

The capacity of a battery begins to decrease while being stored, generally 1% of its capacity per day. To ensure full capacity, it is recommended that a top-up charge is carried out every six months. Battery storage life can also be preserved by storing in cool temperatures, typically between 15-20°C.

3. Charging

Individual battery manufacturers will specify the charging voltage ranges for their own design. If a battery is consistently charged outside of these parameters, it can cause significant damage.

Undercharging or low voltage can cause sulphate crystals to form on the battery plates. These crystals will eventually reduce the available capacity of the battery over time. Overcharging with a float voltage that is too high can cause excessive hydrogen and oxygen gases and can lead to internal dry out that once accelerated can cause thermal runaway which can, in extreme cases, result in failure and possible fire and explosion.

4. Cycling

During a utility mains failure, the critical load connected to the UPS system is supported by the battery. Once utility mains return, the battery is automatically recharged by the UPS system for future use, this is known as the discharge cycle. When a battery is first installed, it is deemed to be at 100% of its rated capacity. Subject to battery manufacturer data the design life will be based upon a maximum number of cycles until failure or reduced capacity.

5. Application

UPS batteries are designed specifically for UPS applications, just as other batteries are made specifically for their respective devices. UPS batteries are typically designed to deliver high rates of energy for a short time, generally up to 15 minutes. Improper applications may also cause the loss of the battery life.

Maintenance of UPS Battery

Although a UPS battery cannot be made to last forever, correct initial product selection, storage, care, and maintenance can help increase its longevity and system resilience.

Preventative maintenance would typically cover visual inspection, battery voltage testing, impedance & conductance testing and integrity of the battery terminal connections. This helps to highlight any abnormalities that can then be corrected promptly, reducing the risk of premature failure.

Other tips for maintenance of UPS batteries are as below:

l Keep the battery room clean and free of dust and debris. This helps to prevent the buildup of heat and humidity, which can reduce the battery's lifespan.

l Keep the battery in a cool and dry place. Avoid exposing it to extreme temperatures and humidity.

l If the battery is not being used for an extended period of time, it should be charged at least once a month to maintain its charge.

l Replace the battery as recommended by the manufacturer or if it shows any signs of deterioration or reduced capacity.

By following these tips, you can ensure that your UPS battery remains in good condition and operates reliably when needed.